Listening to the brain, one neuron at a time.

The Translational Neurophysiology & Brain Stimulation lab studies human brain function and dysfunction, and develops new brain stimulation methods to improve the lives of people with neurological disease.

KREMBIL BRAIN INSTITUTE UNIVERSITY HEALTH NETWORK UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO KITE RESEARCH INSTITUTE CRANIA
01 / 08 ABOUT THE LAB

Toronto Western Hospital is a pioneering centre for deep brain stimulation. The operating room is where our research begins.

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a standard of care for people with Parkinson’s disease, essential tremor and dystonia, and is drawing attention for many other refractory neurological disorders.

Our team records the activity of individual neurons deep within the brain during awake neurosurgery. These recordings are part of routine clinical care, generating a “map” of the brain that ensures each intervention reaches the correct location.

STEP 01

Awake neurosurgery

Patients undergoing deep brain stimulation surgery remain awake during the procedure.

STEP 02

Single-neuron recordings

Microelectrodes record individual neurons from deep within the brain as part of standard clinical care.

STEP 03

A map of the brain

The recordings confirm each intervention reaches the right location, and open a unique window for research.

IMAGE · DBS IMPLANTATION SURGERY Replace with photo from the current site
FIG. 01 — DBS IMPLANTATION SURGERY TORONTO WESTERN HOSPITAL
02 / 08 INSIDE THE OPERATING ROOM

A unique window into the living human brain.

Recordings from awake, behaving patients let us study human physiology, brain stimulation mechanisms and synaptic plasticity in vivo.

VIDEO · FROM THE CURRENT SITE Replace with the lab’s video file
CAM 01 00:00:00:00
FIG. 02 — INSIDE THE OPERATING ROOM CRANIA NEUROMODULATION SUITE
03 / 08 RESEARCH

From bench to bedside.

Our projects span the complete translational continuum. We apply biomedical signal processing, machine learning and computational modelling to understand how the brain behaves and how it responds to stimulation.

R.01

Intraoperative neurophysiology

Single-neuron, local field potential and electrocorticography recordings from patients during awake DBS surgery.

SUA · LFP · ECOG
R.02

Mechanisms of brain stimulation

How deep brain stimulation acts on neural circuits, and how those effects can be refined into better therapies.

DBS · CIRCUITS
R.03

Synaptic plasticity

Understanding and harnessing plasticity in basal ganglia circuits for sustained improvement in Parkinson’s disease.

PLASTICITY · PARKINSON’S
R.04

Non-invasive brain recordings

Electroencephalography and magnetoencephalography with patients outside the operating room environment.

EEG · MEG
R.05

Computational methods

Signal processing, machine learning and computational modelling to decode neural activity and its responses to stimuli.

SIGNAL PROCESSING · ML
R.06

Preclinical models

Optical, electrophysiological and behavioural techniques, including optogenetics and high-density electrophysiology.

OPTOGENETICS · PHOTOMETRY
RECORDING ACROSS SCALES

From a single cell to the whole brain.

APPROXIMATE SPATIAL SCALE
Single neuron
Local field potential
Electrocorticography
EEG · MEG
10 µm100 µm1 mm1 cm10 cm
04 / 08 FACILITIES

Where the work happens.

IMAGE · KREMBIL BRAIN INSTITUTE Pictured: Dr. Taufik Valiante
FIG. 04A
WET & DRY LABTORONTO WESTERN

Krembil Brain Institute

The TNBS lab operates in state-of-the-art wet and dry lab spaces at the Krembil Brain Institute, Toronto Western Hospital.

IMAGE · CRANIA NEUROMODULATION SUITE Replace with photo from the current site
FIG. 04B
OPERATING THEATRECRANIA

CRANIA Neuromodulation Suite

A permanent research fixture within a state-of-the-art operating theatre, where intracranial data are collected during DBS implantation surgeries.

Prof. Milosevic holds appointments at the Krembil Brain Institute, the KITE Research Institute, and the University of Toronto’s Institutes of Biomedical Engineering and Medical Sciences. We collaborate with a multidisciplinary team:

Neurosurgeons Neurologists Engineers Computational neuroscientists Basic physiologists
05 / 08 PEOPLE

The team.

PORTRAIT · DR. LUKA MILOSEVIC
PI
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR

Luka Milosevic, PhD

Luka received his PhD in Biomedical Engineering from the University of Toronto, followed by a Postdoctoral Fellowship at the University of Tübingen’s Institute for Neuromodulation and Neurotechnology. His research sits at the intersection of biomedical engineering and neuroscience, focused on novel data-driven methods of neuromodulation and brain stimulation.

He and his team also play a clinical role, monitoring patients’ brain activity to guide the placement of DBS devices at Toronto Western Hospital.

OUTSIDE THE LAB Hiking Biking Travel
luka.milosevic@mail.utoronto.ca
IMAGE · TNBS TEAM 2026 Replace with group photo from the current site
FIG. 05 — THE TNBS TEAM, 2026 KREMBIL BRAIN INSTITUTE

Md Shan

01
[ROLE]

Combines optical and electrophysiological tools to uncover pathological and therapeutic neural circuits across disease models.

Aidan [Surname]

02
[ROLE]

Develops new DBS targets for spinocerebellar ataxia using animal models, looking for stimulation-based motor improvements.

[Team member]

03
[ROLE]

[Short research focus from the current team page]

[Team member]

04
[ROLE]

[Short research focus from the current team page]

06 / 08 SELECTED PUBLICATIONS

Recent work.

6 PAPERS ALL ON PUBMED
07 / 08 TRAINING

Electrophysiology Trainee Workshop.

A free online workshop covering topics across neuroscience. Each topic opens with fundamentals, then builds toward advanced methods.

FORMATOnline
COSTFree of charge
LENGTH8 sessions · 1 hour each
LEVELGraduate to PhD
HOSTED BYMaximilian Scherer
S.01
S.02
S.03
S.04
S.05
S.06
S.07
S.08
FUNDAMENTALSADVANCED METHODS
08 / 08 JOIN THE LAB

Build the next generation of brain stimulation.

Prospective students and researchers with experience or interest in any of these areas are welcome to contact Dr. Milosevic at any time.

Neuromodulation Signal processing Machine learning Computational neuroscience Instrumentation Brain–machine interfaces
Email Dr. Milosevic luka.milosevic@mail.utoronto.ca